A Guide to Literary Genres - Sykalo Eugen 2023
Existentialism
Definition: Literary style refers to the distinctive manner in which an author uses language, narrative techniques, and literary devices to convey their ideas, themes, and philosophical perspectives within a written work. Existentialism in literature is a philosophical and literary movement that explores themes related to individual existence, freedom, meaning, and the nature of human existence. It focuses on the individual's struggle to make sense of life in a seemingly indifferent or absurd world, often delving into questions about identity, choice, and the search for purpose.
Key Features of Existentialism in Literature:
1. Focus on Individual Existence: Existentialist literature places a central emphasis on the individual's experience of existence. Authors explore the inner thoughts, emotions, and decisions of characters facing existential dilemmas.
2. Absurdity and Alienation: Existentialist works often address the sense of absurdity and alienation that individuals experience when confronted with a seemingly irrational or indifferent universe.
3. Freedom and Choice: Existentialism emphasizes the importance of personal freedom and the responsibility individuals have in making choices that define their lives. Literature in this style may depict characters grappling with the burden of choice and its consequences.
4. Search for Meaning: Existentialist literature frequently explores questions of meaning, purpose, and the search for significance in a world that may appear devoid of inherent meaning.
5. Angst and Anxiety: Existentialist authors delve into the emotional turmoil, angst, and anxiety that individuals experience when confronting the uncertainties and complexities of existence.
6. Nonconformity and Rebellion: Existentialism often highlights the struggle against societal norms and expectations. Characters may rebel against conformity and search for their own authentic paths.
7. Philosophical Reflection: Existentialist literature engages in philosophical reflection, using characters' thoughts and dialogues to explore existential concepts and dilemmas.
Representatives of Existentialism in Literature:
1. Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821—1881): A Russian novelist known for his exploration of psychological and philosophical themes. His novel "Notes from Underground" is considered a precursor to existentialist literature, delving into the consciousness of a tormented protagonist.
2. Franz Kafka (1883—1924): A Czech writer famous for his works that embody the absurdity and alienation of human existence. His novels "The Trial" and "The Metamorphosis" explore the absurd and irrational aspects of modern life.
3. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905—1980): A French philosopher and writer who played a significant role in defining existentialism. His play "No Exit" and novel "Nausea" address themes of freedom, authenticity, and the search for meaning.
4. Albert Camus (1913—1960): An Algerian-French writer known for his exploration of the absurdity of life. His novel "The Stranger" and essay "The Myth of Sisyphus" examine the human struggle to find meaning in an indifferent universe.
5. Samuel Beckett (1906—1989): An Irish playwright and novelist known for his minimalist and absurdist works. His play "Waiting for Godot" is a quintessential existentialist work that highlights the futility of waiting and the search for purpose.
6. Jean Genet (1910—1986): A French playwright and novelist who focused on themes of identity, rebellion, and social marginalization. His play "The Balcony" explores power dynamics and existential questions.
These representatives illustrate the diverse expressions of existentialism in literature, emphasizing the exploration of individual existence, meaning, and the complexities of human consciousness within a seemingly indifferent world.