A Guide to Literary Genres - Sykalo Eugen 2023
Transcendentalism
Definition: Literary style refers to the distinctive manner in which an author employs language, narrative techniques, and literary devices to convey their ideas and create a unique aesthetic in their written work. Transcendentalism is a philosophical and literary movement that emerged in the 19th century as a reaction against rationalism and materialism. It emphasizes the inherent goodness of people and nature, advocating for the individual's connection to the divine, the importance of intuition, and the value of self-reliance.
Key Features of Transcendentalism in Literature:
1. Spiritual Unity with Nature: Transcendentalist literature emphasizes the spiritual interconnectedness between humans and the natural world. Nature is often viewed as a manifestation of the divine and a source of spiritual insight.
2. Self-Reliance and Individualism: Transcendentalism encourages self-reliance, independence, and the development of one's individual thoughts and beliefs. It values the unique experiences and perspectives of each individual.
3. Intuition and Inner Wisdom: Transcendentalist works prioritize intuition and inner wisdom over empirical evidence and logic. They advocate for the cultivation of spiritual and intellectual insights.
4. Rejection of Materialism: Transcendentalism challenges the emphasis on material possessions and worldly success. It promotes a simpler and more mindful way of life that focuses on spiritual growth and personal fulfillment.
5. Critique of Formal Religion: Many Transcendentalist works criticize organized religion's rigid dogmas and rituals in favor of direct personal experiences with the divine and the exploration of spiritual truths.
6. Optimism and Idealism: Transcendentalist literature expresses optimism about human potential and the possibility of achieving higher states of existence. It often emphasizes idealism and the pursuit of moral excellence.
7. Contemplation of the Oversoul: The concept of the "oversoul" or "universal soul" is central to Transcendentalist thought. It represents the interconnectedness of all life forms and the divine presence that unites them.
Representatives of Transcendentalism:
1. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803—1882): A prominent Transcendentalist philosopher and essayist, Emerson's works such as "Nature" and "Self-Reliance" articulate the core principles of the movement.
2. Henry David Thoreau (1817—1862): Thoreau's "Walden" is a reflection on simple living in natural surroundings and the pursuit of a meaningful life. His essay "Civil Disobedience" also reflects Transcendentalist ideals.
3. Margaret Fuller (1810—1850): Fuller's "Woman in the Nineteenth Century" explores gender roles and the potential for self-fulfillment for women, reflecting Transcendentalist values.
4. Walt Whitman (1819—1892): Whitman's poetry collection "Leaves of Grass" celebrates the interconnectedness of all life and expresses a sense of unity with humanity and nature.
5. Louisa May Alcott (1832—1888): Alcott's novel "Little Women" incorporates Transcendentalist themes of individual growth, self-reliance, and the pursuit of personal ideals.
6. Bronson Alcott (1799—1888): An educator and philosopher, Bronson Alcott was part of the Transcendentalist movement and contributed to discussions on education and social reform.
These representatives embody the key features of Transcendentalism in literature, reflecting its emphasis on individualism, spiritual connection with nature, self-reliance, and the pursuit of higher truths.